William E. Lass

This panegyric extols the beauty, abundant natural resources, and health- restoring environment of Minnesota, describing the state's regions and its many tourist attractions. It is directed towards those suffering from consumption (tuberculosis) and helps to explain why people in the nineteenth century regarded Minnesota's dry climate as a possible cure for that disease. The author also discusses methods of treating consumption through diet and clothing, and other locales of interest to sufferers, such as Florida, Nassau, and California.

"The story of the Canadian-American boundary, even from Lake Superior to the Red River, including the Northwest Angle, is complicated and covers a long span of time ... The Great Lakes border, the Lake Superior to Lake of the Woods boundary and the 49th parallel line have generally been described as something of a compromise, if in fact not an after thought. Such glib statements do not do justice to the complex and prolonged disputes that arose from these sections of frontier. Lass begins with the controversial peace treaty ending the Revolutionary War. It was, of course, from this instrument and its deficiencies that much of the subsequent difficulties emerged. As a result of the inadequacies of the existing maps, the vague and incomplete terminology used to describe the border, and the failure of the negotiators to include a marked and signed treaty-map, regardless of topographical errors, there were bound to be enormous problems. By the time the United States acquired the Louisiana territory in 1803 the shortcomings of the boundary terms of the 1783 treaty were well understood by the authorities on both sides of the Atlantic. It was left to the peace settlement of the War of 1812 to come to grips with the problem. Four joint Anglo-American Commissions were created to explore, survey and make decisions about the northern border as defined in 1783. The stretch from Lake of the Woods to the Rockies, while negotiated separately, was understood in 1818 to be part of this general settlement of the boundary. The Boundary Commission chapters are among the most interesting of the book. Indeed, they constitute a story previously almost entirely untold, of the ten-year effort to explore and survey the Great Lakes and the several canoe routes from Lake Superior to Lake of the Woods This is an epic saga of hardship and struggle, of engineering and diplomacy of achievement and failure. John Ogilvy a Montreal fur trader, was the British Commissioner who died of fever in the swamps of the Detroit River, and was succeeded by Thomas Barclay, the son of a New York Loyalist the American Commissioner was General Peter B. Porter later Secretary of War. Others of interest who served the Commissions were David Thompson, who at age 46 started a new ten-year career as Surveyor Lieutenant George W. Whistler, the father of the painter also a Surveyor; Major Joseph Delafield. United States Agent; and Dr. John J. Bigsby Secretary and Physician. Lass tells the story of the expeditions that set out each spring from 1816 to 1827. The placement of the line in every channel or narrow passage or waterfall was the result of extensive exploration, survey, mapping, debate, argument, tradeoff, and, possibly, compromise. The Commissioners and their Agents and staffs tended to be over-scrupulous in protecting what were perceived as their country's interests. with the almost inevitable result that a basic distrust eventually characterized the relationships. In the end, after Barclay claimed the St. Louis River (near the present city of Duluth) as the boundary intended in 1783. and Porter countered with a claim for the Kaministikwia (near Thunder Bay) the Commission failed to agree about the Lake Superior-Lake of the Woods boundary. It was left to Lord Ashburton (in touch with Barclay) and Daniel Webster (advised by Delafield and others) in 1842 to take up the maps and reports produced by the Commissions. Lass, for the first time, gives us a detailed analysis of the process through which these two statesmen agreed on the Pigeon River as the border intended in the Treaty of 1783. Even this settlement did not ease the tasks of marking the actual frontier. In 1872 the Canadian Commissioner, Donald R. Cameron, wanted to eliminate the Northwest Angle as United States territory and in 1896 Duluth Congressman Charles A. Towne wanted the United States to obtain control of Hunters Island. Such initiatives were met by stony refusals by both governments to reopen those agreements which had been so painfully reached. Lass's book will be the standard work on the Lake Superior to Red River boundary, but it reaches beyond those limits defined in the title. In order to make any sense out of the border, Lass has gone a long way towards writing a good general survey of Canadian-American boundary issues. The book is based on an extensive use of published and manuscript materials, and it is well illustrated with photographs and maps, including reproductions of important historic maps."--Www.mhs.ca/docs/mb_history/04/boundarycommission.shtml.

Stanley J. Morrow was born in Richland County, Ohio, on May 3, 1843, and moved to Wisconsin early in his childhood. In 1861, he joined the 7th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry as a drummer. Morrow was then transferred into the Veteran Reserve and was stationed at Point Lookout Prison in Maryland as an assistant to renowned Civil War photographer Matthew B. Brady. Brady instructed Morrow in photography and the wet plate process, which Morrow used throughout his career. In 1864 produced stereo views of Ft. Lookout and other scenes under Brady’s imprint. After leaving the war, Morrow married Isa Ketchum. In 1868 the couple moved to Yankton, Dakota Territory where for over fifteen years used the booming city as his base. Morrow established a photography gallery there and taught Isa the photographic process. When Morrow was away, Isa ran the gallery to fund his photographic expeditions. As he traveled he set up a number of satellite studios throughout the Dakota and Montana area including Miles City, Montana. In 1876, Stanley Morrow met soldiers returning from General George A. Crook’s expedition in pursuit of the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne. Morrow photographed soldiers reenacting scenes from the starvation march back to the Black Hills and from the Battle of Slim Buttes, and photographed Sioux warriors captured in battle. Morrow became post photographer at Fort Keogh in 1878 and later that year opened a gallery at Fort Custer. In April 1879, while working as photographer at Fort Custer, he accompanied Captain George K. Sanderson and a company of the 11th Infantry on an expedition to Little Bighorn Battlefield to clear the field of animal bones and remark the graves of fallen soldiers. Stanley Morrow returned to Yankton in 1880, photographing local events including the Great Flood of 1881.When Isa fell ill in 1882, the couple moved to Florida. Stanley J. Morrow died in Dallas, Texas, on December 10, 1921. Stanley Julius Morrow's primary format was the stereoptican view, but he made ambrotypes, carte de visites, and cabinet views of Indians such as Standing Bear, Red Cloud and Sitting Bull, early photographs of the Little Bighorn including the burial of the bones, with Gen. Crook in the Black Hills in 1876, steamboats, Indian life, and many other western views. Using wet plate negatives he nevertheless was able to produce remarkable documentary images of the West.