Nathan Constantin Leites

"The work underlying this publication was undertaken by the Rand Corporation as a part of its research program for the United States Air Force.

Theoretical frameworks that examine a political actor[alpha]s personal characteristics and how they affect the foreign policies of their respective states are useful tools for analysts, researchers, and historians. One of the most widely used frameworks has been operational code analysis, introduced by Nathan Leites in this seminal RAND Corporation volume, The Operational Code of the Politburo. Originally published by McGraw-Hill in 1951, it was the inaugural publication in what was then called [beta]The RAND Series[gamma] and later became known as RAND[alpha]s commercial books series, a collection of monographs which aimed to make RAND[alpha]s groundbreaking research available to the public. In that spirit, and to celebrate RAND[alpha]s 60th Anniversary, RAND is proud to bring this classic work back into print in paperback and digital formats. The Operational Code of the Politburo was part of a major effort at RAND to provide insight into the political leadership and foreign policy in the Soviet Union and other communist states; the development of Soviet military strategy and doctrine; and the organization and operation of the Soviet economy. This immense body of research has had an influence and impact beyond U.S. national security, as the techniques and methodological tools have been refined and extended to new analytic challenges.

This report considers the proclivities of the Soviet armed forces on the battlefield. Its conclusions are based on an examination of Soviet memoirs of the war with Germany and of Soviet military publications since then. The author suggests that, in substantial measure, Soviet peculiarities in warfighting are attempts to ward off undesirable tendencies which Soviet leaders perceive in their subordinates as well as in themselves.

Subtitle on dust jacket: an analysis of Soviet writings to find a set of rules governing Communist political strategy.