History of Greece

Victor Duruy, (born Sept. 10, 1811, Paris, France—died Nov. 14, 1894, Paris), French scholar and public official who, as national minister of education (1863–69), initiated extensive and controversial reforms. Duruy taught at the Collège Henri IV from 1833 to 1861. He wrote textbooks and works on ancient Roman and Greek civilization, among them Histoire des Romaines, which he introduced as two volumes in 1843–44; the work reached seven volumes by 1885. He assisted Napoleon III with his biography of Julius Caesar and was appointed minister of education by him in 1863. Duruy’s controversial proposal to introduce free, compulsory primary education was ahead of its time in France and failed, partly because Napoleon III declined to support it. But he did manage to introduce secular secondary education for girls, add modern languages and contemporary history to lycée and college curricula, reorganize teacher training, and begin a kind of agricultural extension-course service for the provinces. Duruy became a senator in 1869 and later returned to academic work, becoming a member of the Académie Française in 1884. His Histoire des Grecs, 3 vol. (1886–89), and an enlarged edition in 1891 of Histoire de France de 1453 à 1815 (1856) renewed his reputation as a scholar. [Source.]